International overview of vocational education: challenges and answers

Abstract

This research aims to identify major problems and solutions, as well as outstanding issues in vocational education and training, in 23 countries selected from five continents, including Brazil. This study first presents a history of vocational education and describes three historical models created by the Industrial Revolution: a) the Anglo-Saxon model, a market-oriented model, initially performed through in-company apprenticeship, which was later associated with educational background b) the French model, a school-based model controlled by the government; and c) the dual model, initially characterized by in-company apprenticeship, socially controlled and established by Germany.